Spatial–Temporal Variability of Hourly Precipitation Extremes in Portugal: Two Case Studies in Major Wine-Growing Regions

Heavy precipitation events are a natural hazard that have significant socioeconomic implications, especially in sectors like agriculture, namely viticulture. This study is the first to present a detailed climatology of extreme precipitation across mainland Portugal, leveraging hourly data gathered from 71 meteorological stations over 23 years, spanning from 2000 to 2022. To understand spatial variability, we focus on Douro and Alentejo, two major winemaking regions where extreme weather events may have significant adverse consequences.